That pop song that we wish our lives could be. Because it captures the larger idea of the cinematic denial that David has escaped into. This is why Cameron Crowe went with the title Vanilla Sky. And in any instance of discontent, you’ll be visited by technical support. Your life will continue as a realistic work of art, painted by you, minute to minute, and you’ll live it with the romantic abandon of a summer day, with the feeling of a great movie, or a pop song you always loved, with no memory of how it all occurred, save for the knowledge that everything simply improved. Your death will be wiped from your memory. Upon resurrection, you will continue in an ageless state, preserved but living in th represent with a future of your choosing. You’d like to be cryonized but you’d rather be resurrected to continue your own life as you know it now. Imagine that you are suffering from a terminal illness. Narrator: Portrait of a modern human life. Pay attention to the words that have to do with painting. His paintbrush painted the vanilla sky.” At the very end of the movie, when David is at the version of Life Extension in his mind, Rebecca Dearborn shows him the presentation about what Life Extension offers. At his birthday party, David shows Sofia the painting The Seine at Argenteuil, by Claude Monet. Vanilla Sky accomplishes a similar goal in a less direct, more poetic way. Only to reach a point where he’d rather open his eyes than continue to live in the lovely state of denial that L.E created for him. It’s a fitting title, because in both movies, the hero, David/César, chooses to close his eyes to the real world in order to escape the negative emotions that plague him after the car accident. But I’ve opened my eyes to the fact that I don’t actually like juggling.” That person isn’t real!” Or, “I thought I could become a famous juggler. If a friend was being catfished, you might say to them, “Open your eyes. The original title is a generic term for waking up or coming to your senses or facing reality. So why change the title from Open Your Eyes to Vanilla Sky? Vanilla Sky is a remake of the 1997 Spanish film Abre los ojos, or Open Your Eyes, made by Alejandro Amenábar, also starring Penelope Cruz as Sofia. Based on – Abre Los Ojos ( Open Your Eyes).Edmund Ventura (Tech Support) – Noah Taylor.Questions and answers about Vanilla Sky.If I stay with Jason Lee in the Rubik's Cube of 'Vanilla Sky ,' I always go to the best places." Ultimately, "Vanilla Sky" continues to evoke a great deal of emotion and thought when it comes to the nature of existence and what is real. Over time, to me the keyhole character, where you can just find a different perspective on the whole thing, is Jason Lee's Brian Shelby. The director then added, "Sometimes I watch it and I have a completely different take on what the story is, where the splice comes, and what it's all about. Some of these interpretations, as shared by the website The Uncool, include the idea that Tech Support is telling the truth and that 150 years have passed, the entire film is a dream, the events after the crash are the result of a coma, the entire move is actually a book written by Jason Lee's character, or the entire movie is a drug-induced fever dream brought on by the facial reconstruction. This song is played during the ending explanation of Aames' life after he is placed in cryostasis.Įven the director himself has told Vulture that there are multiple interpretations of the ending of "Vanilla Sky," and they are all valid. Perhaps one of the most effective uses of music in the movie is during the scenes when Aames' faux-reality is becoming increasingly unstable, and he is shown running and yelling while "Good Vibrations" by The Beach Boys plays - a particular moment the director, Cameron Crowe, is fond of ( via Vulture). One of the last songs to play is by Spiritualized, named "Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating In Space," an airy and melancholic song that talks about not only growing stronger, but also asking for the pain to be taken away. Among other decorations in Aames' apartment are two posters of prominent French films, with the translated titles being "Breathless" and "Jules and Jim." Both of these deal with a tragic main character who causes untold suffering to those around them because of their need to be free, much like the protagonist of "Vanilla Sky." The image of Bob Dylan's album cover for "The Freewheelin Bob Dylan" is also displayed prominently in Aames' apartment, and later unconsciously recreated by Aames and Sofia as they walk down a New York street.
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As in they were left blank before and now they have Xs in them. I checked profile-specific save games box and profile-specific ini files box. I rubbed my two brain cells together really hard and began to poke around with Mod Organizer 2s profile buttons. ĭFS Profile folder redirection - īlogger Redirector 1.0.4 - Wordpress plugin Next I noticed that the name of this particular mod had 'profile' in the name. This SKSE plugin will speed up your game startup depending on the number of mods installed. Private Profile Redirector SE on Lexy's: Legacy of The. PrivateProfileRedirector - Faster game start (INI file. I played a few hours and no weirdness whatsoever. not as revolutionary as an ESPL but still fantastic SSE Display Tweaks or Private Profile Redirector the game and mod work fine again. This mod literally cuts my load time from 1 min to 15 sec. 7 SkyTweak SE - Guide at Skyrim Special Edition Nexus https. Next time you launch the game, the Profile Manager will use the script extender to start the game. Set the exe for the game to the script extenders executable (for Skyrim skseloader.exe) and hit ok. Fixed trimming quote characters for values and space characters for sections, keys and values. A: Open up the settings window (File -> Settings) and select the appropriate game tab. Inline comments no longer being removed from the file on load. I have well over the 255 limit plus esl's and my game loads from an SSD. Private Profile Redirector - Spanish: Permissions and credits. The powerful open-source mod manager from Nexus Mods.Ĭan I use the new version with the enb fixes for skyrim 1.5.73? Speeds up game start by storing INI files in memory instead of opening, parsing and closing the file each time some value from it is needed. My loading times were reduced by 30-50 with over 200 plugins on an SSD. To enjoy the benefits of Nexus Mods, please log in or register a new account So far it does what it says on the tin for me in Skyrim SE. Upgrade your account to unlock all media contentīilling system and Premium pricing updateĪn important notice and our future plans for collectionsĬopyright © 2021 Robin Scott. ROOT DIRECTORY SKSE DLL Plugin Loader SSE Engine Fixes (Part 2) Unofficial Performance Optimized Textures FIXES & TWEAK UTILITIES Address Library for SKSE Plugins SSE Engine Fixes (Part 1) Bug Fixes SSE.NET Script Framework Private Profile Redirector SE SSE FPS Stabilizer FileAccess Interface for Skyrim SSE Parallax Shader Fix PapyrusUtil SE. The elegant, powerful, and open-source mod managerĪdd_photo_alternate Upload an image chevron_right I had Private Profile Redirector active (which didnt really do anything faster for me), turning it of fixed the issue For everyone encountering this also: this is the culprit. Log in to view your list of favourite games. Skyrim SE: Adaption Min gets set wrong every restart. When logged in, you can choose up to 12 games that will be displayed as favourites in this menu. Private Profile Redirector Le 0.4 1 JPrivate Profile Redirector Le 0.4 1 This was in 1989 – a time when, Chalmers recalls, researching consciousness was "not really fashionable… people said, why are you wasting your time thinking about this musty old topic when you could be working on artificial intelligence?" He was obsessed with it, however and this meant throwing himself into a field where he had plenty of ideas but little formal expertise. So I ended up leaving Oxford and going to Indiana." "There's a group of people here who think about everything under the Sun: philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, humour, creativity. "Why don't you come to Indiana and work with me?" Chalmers remembers him suggesting. And it was the impetus of his fascination with consciousness that led him, partway through a graduate degree in maths at Oxford, to write up some of the ideas swirling in his head and send them to Douglas Hofstadter – one of the world's most renowned researchers in cognitive science – at Indiana University. The thing about science fiction and thought experiments, Chalmers told me when we spoke in late 2021, is that "they don't just illustrate a philosophical problem: they actually give you some impetus to work through it". How could something as remarkable as consciousness be part of the physical world? What might it mean to study consciousness scientifically? He also read a great deal of science fiction and, by the time he'd finished a maths degree and spent six months travelling around Europe, found himself thinking obsessively about the science of the mind. When he was growing up in Australia in the 1970s, he identified with maths more than philosophy. Technology in deep time: How it evolves alongside usĬhalmers didn't start out wanting to be a philosopher.Are we close to solving the puzzle of consciousness?.Virtual objects really exist." And the sooner we get used to these ideas, the sooner we'll be able to grasp some of the digital age's deepest tensions. In fact, as Chalmers bluntly puts it in his new book, Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy: "Simulations are not illusions. And the value and purpose of your life are similarly untouched. No matter what the status of your reality, he suggests, your thoughts and experiences remain as real as it gets. How else to think about the revelation that "reality" is nothing like it seems? For the philosopher David Chalmers, however, none of this necessarily follows. After all, the Matrix movies depict a dystopian nightmare in which humanity has been enslaved by sinister machines. If you woke up one day and discovered that you were living in a virtual world – that everything you'd ever known was, like the Matrix, a form of hyper-realistic simulation – what would this imply for your hopes, dreams and experiences? Would it reveal them all to be lies: deceptions devoid of authenticity?įor most people, the intuitive answer to all these questions is "yes". So, if you’re looking to avoid Adobe’s Creative Cloud subscription and don't mind the higher upfront cost, this desktop publishing software delivers. This includes options to copy effects from one object to the next, select similar objects to alter them all at once, or create a grid of objects in seconds.Īffinity Publisher 2 runs on Windows, Mac, and iPad for a one-off purchase. Document design is a breeze - and we especially liked the time-saving tools that range from small extras like easy footnote creation to more serious object manipulation. That said, the page layout designer has seen a raft of improvements, particularly in efficiencies for designers up against the clock. And our only real complaint was with the size of icons and labels that might appear quite small on pixel-dense displays. It’s fair to say interface isn’t anything we haven’t seen before (but perhaps that’s not a bad thing it made navigation effortless). We've also evaluated pricing, including alternative solutions that are free and subscription-free. As part of our review process, we've compared each tool's interface and user experience to Adobe's offering, as well as how accurate and easy they are to bring printed assets to life. To help you create eye-catching designs and publications, we've tested a range of the best Adobe InDesign alternatives. If that's the case, it's time to find out which alternatives to InDesign are the best your next project. Some creatives may need industry-specific tools not found in Adobe's DTP app, others may just want to avoid the required Creative Cloud subscription - especially if they're not using other Adobe CC apps like Photoshop and Lightroom. If you need to design magazines, flyers, posters, and even books, the best Adobe InDesign alternatives need to meet a high standard.īut while InDesign may offer one of the best desktop publishing software experiences, it's not for everyone. There's no denying that Adobe InDesign sets a high standard for page layout design apps - used across the industry, it's packed with tools, templates, fonts, and features that professionals need to bring color-accurate printed assets to life. (Image credit: Shutterstock / McLittle Stock) You’re going to find many clues that you’ll know the answers to right away! Here are a few examples from actual Easy Crosswords: And you don’t even have to start filling in the answers! Check out today’s Easy Crossword by merely scrolling through the list of Across and Down clues. Here’s a quick-and-easy way to prove it for yourself. That’s what makes them great for beginners, or for adults to do together with younger people, or for anyone looking for a quick and satisfying mental escape.īut don’t take our word for it. In fact, Stan’s Easy Crosswords are widely acknowledged by crossword fans and puzzle experts nationwide as the country’s easiest crosswords for grownups.Įach of Stan’s Easy Crosswords have an easy-to-understand theme (with a title to give you a hint as to what the theme is), all-easy answers, all-easy clues, and hardly any trivia at all. If you are looking for a quick, free, easy online crossword, you've come to the right place! Enjoy honing your skills with this free daily crossword edited by Stan Newman, America’s foremost expert in fine-tuning crosswords, to give you the gentlest challenge to be found anywhere. So good luck with Stan’s Easy Crosswords, and have fun! Whichever of these ways you choose, part of the educational benefits of crossword solving come from completing each puzzle you do anyway that you can. It’s also OK to use an Internet search or an online or paper dictionary. Or, for a little more help, use the Reveal button to fill in for you a letter, word, or the entire puzzle. By using the Check button to verify a particular letter or word, or even the entire puzzle. It’s completely OK to “get help” in any way you like.So try erasing or deleting one or more answers that you may be “less than sure” of, and take another look at the area with the answers you’ve just removed. It’s possible that you have one or more incorrect answers filled in.Many people find that this break gives them a “fresh look” at it, and they’re able to come up with answers that didn’t occur to them before. Take a short break, and return to the puzzle in a few minutes.If you’ve written in all the answers that you can and some blank squares still remain, here are three proven ways to get you to the finish line:.If you’re unable to fill in any answers in the area you’re working in, look for another clue you’re sure of elsewhere in the crossword and begin the process again. Your solving will be smoother and easier if you are able to concentrate on one area of the puzzle at a time, with each new answer you write connected to answers you’ve already filled in. It’s much easier to think of the answer once you have one or more extra hints from the letters in those crossing words. The clues to look at next are the ones that cross any of the answers that you’ve already filled in. So review the clue list carefully until you find one that you have no doubt is correct, and fill that one in first. But remember that any of Stan’s Easy Crosswords will have quite a few clues that you’ll know the answers to right away. Of course, people’s vocabulary and knowledge differ anyway. This may be the very first clue in the puzzle (1 Across), but crossword authors and editors don’t automatically make the first clue the easiest one. The first answer you should write in a crossword should always be one whose clue you are absolutely sure of. Once you have correctly identified the theme, the remaining theme answers should be much easier for you to puzzle out. When you have filled in the first long answer, take another look at the title you should be able to make a guess now as to what the theme is. The title is there to give you a hint about the theme of the puzzle-the subject matter or the common element among the longest answers. Always look at the puzzle title before doing anything else. The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris).The African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica).In fact, the tabby pattern is a hallmark of the direct ancestors of the domestic feline, including: Though tabby cats are not a specific breed, all domestic cats carry the tabby gene because their origins can be traced to wild cats that carry the tabby pattern. It’s also common knowledge that tabbies are among the smartest cats in the feline world. Some say the M stands for the word Mau, the Egyptian word for cat. This recognizable M-shaped marking is also seen on a number of wild cats, particularly jungle cats like cheetahs, ocelots, and tigers. What makes a tabby really stand out, however, is the distinctive M-shaped marking on the forehead.Īlso Read: Why Do Tabby Cats Have An “M” On Their Foreheads? Most tabbies have stripes across their faces, along their backs, and on their legs and tail. Though every tabby cat is different, there are certain types of markings most cats with this coat pattern tend to exhibit. Tabby cats exhibit a combination of stripes, swirls, and spots which, depending on the breed, may cover the cat’s entire body or be localized to patches. Though it’s difficult to make generalizations about tabbies because they come from so many breeds, many tabby cat owners say their cats are friendly, affectionate, and playful.Īlso Read: Most Popular Names for Tabby Cats Why Are Tabby Cats Special?Įvery cat is unique but what makes tabby cats special is the beautiful patterns that cover their coats. Tabbies often have stripes, swirls, or spots of color on their coats determined by their breed and individual genetics. Rather than referring to a specific breed, the word “tabby” is a reference to a certain coat pattern commonly seen in both domestic and wild cats. Many people refer to their cats as tabbies without really knowing what the term means. When asked to describe computer scientists, American students often think of images like those from TV shows like Big Bang Theory and Silicon Valley. The images that students have in their heads of computer science and engineering matter. In this way, noting differences in interests without giving the broader context of why these differences exist can itself contribute to girls’ underrepresentation.Ī more complete explanation for girls’ and women’s lower interest entails highlighting societal and structural influences, such as the male-oriented images and culture of these fields. When girls hear the message, “people like you (i.e., other girls) don’t enjoy this,” they assume they won’t be interested in the activity, and it changes their behavior. When the computer science activity was not marked with a gender stereotype, girls and boys were equally interested in it. Describing a computer science activity as something that “girls are less interested in than boys are” caused girls to feel a lower sense of belonging with that activity and made them significantly less likely to choose it. We found that girls’ choices are negatively affected by hearing stereotypes that other girls aren’t interested in these fields. Two subsequent experiments in this paper uncovered the underlying causal mechanisms. How do these gender stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies in this way? Girls who strongly endorse these stereotypes show the lowest interest in computer science and engineering. In a paper we recently published, we found that young children and adolescents in the U.S., like adults, believe that girls are less interested than boys in computer science and engineering. The status quo makes it clear that these fields and societal institutions still have a long way to go. Instead, we think that changing the male-oriented image and cultures of engineering and computer science will draw more young women into these fields. Focusing the explanation on currently existing interests suggests that girls and women are deficient and need to change. A better solution is to understand how the cultures of these fields dissuade many women and young girls from becoming interested in this important work. But, it is incomplete in problematic ways, and worsens the very disparities it seeks to explain.Įnding with an explanation that women currently have lower interest in these fields is shortsighted. This explanation is technically accurate and supported by women’s and men’s own responses. Why are so few women entering these fields? A common explanation is that women are less interested than men in computer science and engineering. Identifying the factors causing women’s underrepresentation is the first step toward remedies. Society is also missing out on the potential contributions they would make to these fields, such as designing smartphone conversational agents that suggest help not only for heart attack symptoms but also for indicators of domestic violence. Women are missing out on flexible, lucrative and high-status careers. Only 20 percent of computer science and 22 percent of engineering undergraduate degrees in the U.S. How to win on Twitterĭespite Twitter having a long-standing association with humor (who remembers this gem from Sean Paul back in 2021?) platform users are less bothered about funny content compared to other platforms. The brand Cult Beauty does this well, putting out funny and relatable TikTok videos on everything from skincare and viral makeup trends, to work-related memes.īritish retailer M&S is another example of a brand who on the face of it may not be particularly fun or trendy, but have been able to create a playful alter-ego on TikTok with their video content, appealing to the younger generations. Businesses can tick both boxes by being bold and surprising, and at the same time silly and unpolished – as users clearly see the TikTok as a safe space to be goofy and impulsive. That’s not to say brands have to choose one or the other. Cooking, pottery, makeup tutorials, and DIY videos are just a handful of examples of creative content that can be found on the platform. Users are using TikTok as a way to be inspired, but also as a way to relax. Not only do TikTok users want to see funny content, but creative and relaxing content ranks highly too. Marketers hoping to resonate with as many users as possible will increase their chances by prioritizing humor. Most TikTok users are on the same page: 60% say they want funny content. So while there may be some notable similarities, it’s best to approach TikTok marketing with completely fresh eyes. How to win on TikTokīefore we get into it, it’s worth noting that TikTok is slightly different to other platforms in that they don’t see themselves as a social media app president of global business solutions Blake Chandlee says TikTok’s an entertainment platform. Let’s take a deep dive into what you need to know about some of today’s most talked-about audiences to help you tailor your content more effectively. Each app offers users something different, which is why social media marketing should never be a copy-paste job, and why up-to-date data is invaluable. So, it’s not just small differences in formats or character limits that marketers need to bear in mind, it’s also the vibe. On average, Gen Z and millennials have over 6 social media accounts, while baby boomers have over 4 And, let’s not forget, most consumers have more than one social app that they use on a regular basis. It’s true there’s a lot of crossover between audiences, and many platforms have similar features, but people still open each app with a specific experience in mind. The social media space is always changing, and some people feel that the leading giants are all starting to look the same. What content works best for social commerce?ĭeciding which content is right for each platform.We’ve got the lowdown on what content works best on TikTok, Instagram, and Twitter in 2023, and what consumers want when it comes to entertainment and shopping on social. Looking to dip your toe into TikTok? Wondering if Reels are reely the only way to spike your engagement on Instagram? Or maybe you’re wondering whether Twitter is still the right platform for your business? Social media marketing can feel like a minefield, but have no fear, we’re here to help. William Nack, the author of Secretariat: The Making of a Champion, stated: "You had clearly created a world, and you had done so with a distinctly lyrical feel and touch. saddled by loosely connected anecdotes and confused scene-setting," finally giving the book a grade of a "B". Books Any book reviewed in this column can be had by addressing the Publishing. Book fairs run by publisher Scholastic are a staple at schools across the U.S., with the pop-up sales events allowing students to shop for new titles. Praising her accounts of the races, the Sports Illustrated writer Ron Fimrite said, "She writes about the confusion, turbulence and artistry of a race with the same grasp of sound and movement that Whitney Balliett brings to jazz in his 'New Yorker' profiles no mean accomplishment." The Economist found "the research is meticulous, the writing elegant and concise, so that every page transports you back to the period," and Jim Squires of the New York Times likewise called her research "meticulous." Newsweek noted that "what chiefly distinguishes this account is the straightforward pleasure Hillenbrand takes in the accomplishments of her heroes, two-footed and four-footed alike." People magazine said that "Hillenbrand's jargon-free language makes the races-and the period-exhilarating." More conservatively, Karen Valby with Entertainment Weekly found "Hillenbrand's account. , are very much fresher, cleaner, cheaper and. Seabiscuit: An American Legend enjoyed near universal acclaim, with most praise centering on the compelling nature of the story and expert storytelling of Hillenbrand, who had done much research. The 2003 film Seabiscuit was adapted from the book. The idea for the book dawned in 1994, when the Smiths, a white family who summered on Edisto Beach, asked a friend if he knew someone who could prepare meals. The author has been praised for her ability to convey a sense of historical times. Biscuit and the Little Llamas book cover Biscuits Snow Day Race book cover. Though Capucilli had written stories, poems, and even puppet shows as a child, she didnt consider a career as a writer until after her own two. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College, and pursued her interest in dance, becoming a professional dancer and dance instructor. It has also been published under the title Seabiscuit: The True Story of Three Men and a Racehorse. Alyssa Satin Capucilli’s books Average rating: 4.03 37,130 ratings 3,104 reviews 317 distinct works Similar authors More books by Alyssa Satin Capucilli Series by Alyssa Satin Capucilli Biscuit (75 books) by Alyssa Satin Capucilli (Goodreads Author), Pat Schories (Goodreads Author) (Illustrator) 4. Alyssa Satin Capucilli was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1957. It won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year and was adapted as a feature film in 2003. The book is a biography of the Thoroughbred racehorse Seabiscuit. Seabiscuit: An American Legend is a non-fiction book written by Laura Hillenbrand, published in 1999. To provide examples, I have attached links to the timestamp of the 2021 NCAA D1 championship between the University of Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and the Brigham Young University Cougars. But because their table does not include the players’ positions, I have appended them in my own table of the top 50 that is attached at the bottom. A link to the published data, compiled by the NCAA, is attached here. Although titled Hitting Percentage, the result is presented as a 3-digit decimal between 1 (100% kills) and -1 (100% errors). In other words, it is net points gained per swing attempt. Hitting percentage is defined as kills minus errors divided by total attempts. When a player spikes the ball, there are three outcomes: a kill (where the one or fewer players on the opposing team touch the ball before losing the point), an error (the spiking team immediately loses the ball out of bounds or is blocked), or a continued point (where the opposing team digs the ball). We will begin by looking at the NCAA’s 2021 top 100 players as ranked by “Hitting Percentage” to identify patterns for analysis. Because this analysis is focused on the last hit in the volleyball sequence, I will be primarily discussing outsides, right sides, and middles. Attached is an article discussing these positions in more depth if you would like to read further. Focused only on defense, they are the shortest position, often the strongest returners and diggers, and indicated with a uniform of a different color than the rest of the team. Finally, there is the Libero (L), which is a special position. Opposite Hitters (Right Sides or OPP) are similar to outsides, but there is usually only one per team, and he hits opposite the setter and is also usually a lefty. Because a lot of spiking involves extremely precise timing and aiming to as many as 5 players at once, specialists at setter are necessary to succeed. Setters are one of two shorter positions and focus only on the second touch, which sets the ball before it is spiked. In addition to taking much of the offensive load, outsides play both front and back row, and do a lot of the digging (returning spikes) and receiving (returning serves). Next are the Outside Hitters (OH or outsides), who are generally shorter than the middles. They are traditionally the tallest players, pinning down blocks and hits in the front row. First, we have the Middle Blocker (also sometimes called Middle Hitters, MBs, or middles). Not every spike, nor every spiker is the same, and in this article, I will explain some of the phenomena that I observed while performing some formal analysis of published performance data across the men’s highest college level.īefore digging into the available data, however, let us review what the positions in volleyball are and how performances are commonly measured. You may even understand the ideal possession: bump, set, spike! But even a single spike, when an offensive player smashes the ball to the opponent’s floor, is much more complex than you may have realized. The sense ‘to rise suddenly or quickly’ was first used in the 1950s.You are probably familiar with volleyball’s most iconic action, the spike. The colloquial sense ‘to add alcohol to a drink’ dates back to the late 19th century, while the journalism sense, ‘to kill a story,’ is from the early 20th century. The military sense, ‘to disable guns with a nail,’ was first used in the late 17th century (it has been used figuratively since the 1920s). The verb, originally meaning ‘to fasten with spikes,’ dates back to the early 17th century, and comes from the noun. The electrical meaning ‘a short pulse’ dates back to the early 20th century, and this sense expanded to any sharp or sudden rise by the mid-20th century. Spike is related to the Middle Dutch spicher and the Dutch spijker (nail), the Old High German speihha (spoke), the Latin spica (ear of corn), spina (thorn, prickle or backbone) and pinna (pin), the Greek spilas (rock or cliff), the Lettish spile (wooden fork), and the Lithuanian speigliai (thorns) and spitna (tongue of a buckle), as well as the English words pin, spoke, splinter and spit. It can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic spikaz and the Proto-Indo-European root spei– (sharp point). It came into English from a Scandinavian source, such as the Old Norse spik (splinter) or the Middle Swedish spijk (nail), though it may have also been influenced by the Latin spica (ear of grain). Spike, meaning ‘a large nail,’ dates back to the mid-14th century. |
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